Army’s air defence might
- Very Short Range system : Igla
- Close range system : L-70, Zu-23 anti-aircraft gun
- Short Range missile : Osa-AK, Tunguska
- Medium Range missile : Strela, Akash
- Long Range missile : S-300, LR-SAM
Masala bonds
What are masala bonds?
Bonds are instruments of debt – typically used by corporates to raise money from investors. Masala bonds have to be explained in the context of Indian corporates raising money from overseas investors. Before masala bonds, corporates have had to rely on avenues such as external commercial borrowings or ECBs. The challenge with the likes of ECBs is the entity raising money is faced with a currency risk – they have to be raised and repaid in dollar terms. A year is a long time in forex markets – currencies fluctuate sharply. Risky for a bond issuing entity, especially one with largely rupee earnings, if issue and repayment are years apart.
Masala bonds are rupee-denominated bonds issued to overseas buyers. With a masala bond, a corporate could issue Rs. 10 billion worth of bonds with the promise of paying back Rs. 11 billion in one year. But as the Indian rupee has limited convertibility, the investors will lend the dollar equivalent of the Rs. 10 billion. After one year, the Indian corporate needs to pay back the dollar equivalent of Rs. 11 billion. The currency risk is with the investor.
How did the tag masala come about?
The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the investment arm of the World Bank, issued a Rs. 1,000 crore bond in November last year. The purpose of the issue was to fund infrastructure projects in India. IFC named them ‘masala’ bonds to reflect the Indian angle to it. This kind of naming has been done before. This is, in fact, much like IFC’s Chinese yuan-denominated Dim sum bonds. It isn’t unusual in the foreign bonds market to encounter names such as Yankee and Bulldog. By the way, Japanese yen-denominated bonds are called Samurai. There was even much speculation about what the rupee-denominated bonds would be called before ‘masala’ was confirmed. Samosa, Ganga, and Peacock were apparently some of the names doing the rounds.
What has been the regulator’s stance on this?
The Reserve Bank of India has issued guidelines allowing Indian companies, non-banking finance companies (HDFC, India Bulls Housing Finance are examples of such companies) and infrastructure investment trusts and real investment trusts (investment vehicles that pool money from various investors and invest in infrastructure and real estate sectors) to issue rupee-denominated bond overseas.
The rules put the issue limit to $750 million and also has a pricing cap for various tenures of issue. Experts say the move to permit masala bonds is an attempt to increase the international status of rupee and is also a step toward full currency convertibility (the freedom to convert Indian currency into other internationally accepted currency without any restrictions).
Why should investors look at masala bonds?
The Finance Ministry has cut the withholding tax (a tax deducted at source on residents outside the country) on interest income of such bonds to 5 per cent from 20 per cent, making it attractive for investors. Also, capital gains from rupee appreciation are exempted from tax. Globally, there is ample liquidity thanks to lower interest rates in developed markets, but there are very few investment options due to weak economic conditions globally. India is that rare fast-growing large economy, and masala bonds is one way for investors to take advantage of this. These bonds are bought by retail investors as well as big institutions overseas.
What do masala bonds mean to the issuer?
An important consideration for issuers is the access to cheaper funding than what’s available in the domestic markets, according to ratings firm S&P. For corporates, who would be the main issuers, masala bonds will be one other key source of funding apart from banks and local debt markets. Another ratings firm India Ratings and Research says such bonds would lower the cost of capital over a period of time – the cost remains one of the highest in Asia. This also makes sense given that Indian banks are reluctant to lend to sectors facing weak demand and heavy debt.
Is there anything investors need to worry about?
Investors would need to keenly watch the credibility of the issuer. For example, it would easy for an HDFC or NTPC to easy to raise the bond when compared to a smaller firm. Higher the credit rating of a firm, the better would be the appetite for their issues. Since the currency risk is on the investors, they will like the rupee to be stable. S&P says the initial excitement over masala bonds will give way to the ultimate realisation that because currency and economic growth are external factors, investors will subject issuers to a lot more scrutiny.
